The xkcd breaks it down for us, basically we don't know because the person who coined the term never specified what it was. It's either: puissance, potens, or potenz. Which means potency in French, Dutch Danish and German, the three languages the scientists published in.
Can the term potency also be used to refer to the exponent in English? Because that is what is meant by the terms in the other languages and I haven't come across that usage of the word potency in English
It appears that an individual's heuristic analytical mechanism is engendering a subversion of their affective response system, resulting in epistemic determinations that lack substantiation from the linguistic parameters prevalent within the upper two quartiles of the demographic distribution.
Exponents and Logarithms can be first taught in Middle School in many places, but sometimes get revisited during Calculus in AP High School or at University level.
If you're a native-level speaker, no you don't. You think you do. Assimilation is a real thing and is a huge part of all native language. NOBODY pronounces the way they think (and often loudly claim) that they do.
Just like the people who claim they don't have a "j" sound in "could you".
My six year old daughter is getting the hanging of the spelling and whatnot, but earlier on in her Kindergarten year, words like "driver," to her, started with a J. I had never thought about it, but it absolutely (at least in our NJ dialect) has a J sound, because, as you say, we all talk fucked up (paraphrasing).
Well, the only way to check beyond me muttering at myself would be to have a recording of me talking casually about hot potatoes :D
And yeah, I definitely pronounce "could you" as "couja" when relaxed. Hanging out with people from different countries makes you pretty conscious about your accent some times. Mostly when half the voice chat can't understand what you just said and the other half can't understand why they're having an issue.
Sandhi is a real thing. (Source: I had to study this shit to teach pronunciation classes.)
It took me WEEKS to recognize that what I thought I was saying and what noises I was actually making are completely and utterly different. There's often no relationship (like "coodja" for "could you" or "chrain" for "train") between the intended sound and the actual sound ... but since everybody does it you don't notice until its forced into your face. The only time you make distinct sounds as per the "official" description (and even then not as often as you think: I submit "train" once again as evidence) is when you're deliberately speaking slowly and distinctly. Which is almost never (and comes across as condescending in actual interaction).
Weeks, I say again. WEEKS. And this was under constant training that included the playback of what we'd actually said showing us what we were doing. The denial is embedded deeply in our psyche.
I'd say part of this is the intended / official descriptipn isn't actually that. The spoken word existed first, then someone tried to capture that spoken word using a finite list of characters and character combinations that map back to phenomes. The written word isn't phonetically accurate to the letters it is composed of, and the written word is just close approximation of the spoken word itself.
That is absolutely correct. Writing isn't language, in fact. Language is instinctual and barring severe brain damage, everybody on planet Earth learns to communicate in at least once. (Sign languages are language. Indeed they're an extension of body language.)
Writing is an attempted encoding of language (and not a very good one, given how much is lost in written form vs. in-person communication!) and is a skill that takes a lot of time and effort to learn. Writing is not instinctual in the slightest.
Don't "ask your partner" to say a particular word or phrase. The very act of asking that will have changed results. (This is experiment design 101 stuff here!) Ask her to read a lot of stuff that has "hot potato" in it in various places. (We tend to use sandhi in flowing streams of speech, not isolated clips.) Or, ideally, engage her in conversation and get her to say "hot potato" naturally as an organic outgrowth of the conversation.
But ... make sure you record what she says. Your own brain, as a listener, fills in stuff that's not there while removing stuff that is. You have to play it back, concentrating on only the sounds, not the words, and do it repeatedly, ideally isolating this one phoneme at a time.
Really, sandhi is a thing, and it's a thing that literally every native speaker of every language in the world uses. There is variance by dialect, naturally (entire phones vanish or come out of nothing from dialect to dialect), but some elements of sandhi (like consonant assimilation) happen no matter what your dialect unless you're specifically concentrating on having it not happen.
I don't need to, i know she that correctly. There are definitely words we pronounce incorrectly but nit that one. You and the OP are conflating your local experience for a global one. I don't live in the US, we enunciate differenrly
Look at the flags on my ID (not to mention the name in the middle).
I do not live in the USA either.
And trust me, unless you're some kind of very weird outlier (and if you are, GO TO THE NEAREST UNIVERSITY'S LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT IMMEDIATELY because you're literally a dozen different Ph.D. theses in a single pair of people!) you use sandhi if you're a native speaker. Period. You can no more avoid this than you can avoid being pulled toward the centre of the planet Earth.
This is something that is well-researched. "I talked to my partner" doesn't even qualify as anecdote!
I feel like it's the glottal T. I know for me, personally, my tongue doesn't touch my teeth, but there is still a T sound. I am not British, though I am from Jersey (New).
I am from Jersey (New) too, and we love our our glottal stops. Once I was telling someone from out-of-state that I was from Trenton, and even after I said it three times, they still said they'd never heard of it. And I realized it's because we pronounce it almost like "chre'in". I don't really pronounce the "nt" in the middle, it's just a gap.
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