There's not really any definite border. FAA controlled airspace generally ends at flight level 600 (around 60,000 feet, although flight levels are defined by air pressure not distance from the ground, so the actual altitude can vary). Above that will be uncontrolled airspace, though that doesn't necessarily mean the US won't claim sovereignty there.
The Outer Space treaty, generally considered the first step in establishing space law, stipulates that "outer space" is for the benefit of all mankind and not subject to sovereignty claims by any country. However there isn't a legal definition of where outer space begins. The Karman line (100km) is a common practical definition. However the US has flown spacecraft (notably the shuttle) below 80km above Canada, without asking for permission first.
Practically speaking, there are as yet not enough craft flying at these kinds of altitudes for real legislation to be necessary. The spacefaring countries mostly work it out between them on a case by case basis.
They knew that was extremely unlikely anything biological would have been brought back from the moon since they knew that the moon's surface should be sterile. They just couldn't prove it, so they had to take precautions.
We're gonna have to make the Moon's name more specific if we ever survive long enough to colonize other planets. It's like if Earth's name were Planet.
Humans already named objects within the solar system after Latin words and names. Earth would be called Terra, meaning "earth" or "land". Many sci-fi stories did this already lol. Luna is already reserved to Earth's Moon. The other "moons" in the solar system already have their names from Latin like Europa or Ganymede.
Yes, but none of the others are named after exactly what they are. The Earth has a lot of earth on it, yes, but it's a planet, not a clump of earth. Using a non-English word for "moon" and assuming it's sufficient would be pretty lame and very English-centric.
We already call satellites orbiting a planet "moon", as in Europa is a moon of Jupiter. Or Phobos is a moon of Mars. But right now when we say moon, it usually means our moon.
You're right that in the future we would have to use a generic term for all extraterrestrial objects once we start colonising space. Which is why I think in the future, "moon" will become the catch-all term for the non-Earth moon, while we will call our own as Luna instead.
Problem is that Luna means moon (a planet's satellite) in romance languages like Spanish. If we're giving proper toponyms for the earth's satellite itself and its subdivisions, we should try and avoid generic names like Luna .
It's kind of funny how "Terra" and "Earth" are all synonymous with "Dirt". I wonder if every intelligent life form does this. If we eventually meet up with aliens, are we all going to be like: 'Yes, this is "Dirt", our beloved home planet.'
I mean, yeah, many celestial bodies take their names from Latin. Like how the proper name of the sun is Sol, which matches solar, the lunar object would be called Luna. Selene feels like a retronym to match other Greek deities, and would be like renaming Earth to Gaia
either of those options is a fair pick given their oldness
Luna would definitely rank over Selene in the Western astronomical tradition. As you say, its name is just The Moon, which is what Luna means in many current day Latin derived languages
I'd be totally up with renaming out Tierra and Luna to something that is not eurocentric. Would be a nice change of pace against how much of immediate astronomy is caught up in remixes of Greek and Latin.
"Earth" literally just means "the dirt under your feet".
But most of us don't identify our location so broadly. We say what state or country we're in, and identify culturally that way. I imagine that won't change when there are people living on the Moon. They'll identify by the name of the base or settlement they live in.
A friend-of-a-friend of mine took part in an international swimming event which involved swimming from one country to another, with a boat keeping pace in case anyone got in trouble.
He was swimming back to his home country, so he never bothered to get his passport stamped or anything, he just went home. The next time he interacted with passport control they got mad at him because his passport still showed him in the origin country of the swimming. He basically took the attitude "bro it's not a big deal, relax, I'm here now, just stamp me" and they gave him a whole bunch of grief and then just adjusted his paperwork and sent him on his way, because what else can you do.
Then for the next year's event he did it AGAIN, and the second time the passport people discovered the issue they were even more angry, and he still just kind of took the attitude "bro you don't run me, I'm not malicious and IDGAF about your system, just stamp me and let me go to Italy or whatever."
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Apollo 13 Jack Swigert requested a Tax Filing extension while headed to the moon:
"How do I apply for an extension?" he asked from space to those in Mission Control, who began to laugh. "Things kind of happened real fast down there and I need an extension. I'm really serious."
Flight director Glynn Lunney later reassured the astronaut: American citizens who were out of the country received a 60-day filing extension. "I assume this applies," he told the astronaut, who was already far from the planet at that time.
I love how this was added to the Apollo 13 movie. As they're floating about feeling cold and miserable Swigert gets told he has been granted an extension as he is "definitely out of the country".
After Apollo 13's safe return, Grumman Aerospace sent North American Aviation an invoice for "Towing fees" as the lunar module was the active ship during much of the outbound and all of the inbound leg of the mission.
There also is a special exemption for US Customs to use for items returned from outer space. General Note 3(e) of the HTSUS exempts the items from having to have an entry filed or duties paid for those items as well as corpses and telecommunications.