Ukraine's effort heavily relies on artillery, which accounts for a substantial portion of battlefield casualties. Ukrainian forces require around 75,000 artillery shells per month just to hold their current positions, and potentially double that amount for offensive operations. In contrast, Russia is capable of firing approximately 300,000 shells monthly, supported by both domestic production and imports from North Korea.
Interestingly, South Korea has also become a key player in supplying artillery ammo, agreeing to transfer 300,000 155mm shells to the U.S., which in turn helped replenish stocks sent to Ukraine in 2023.