In 1910 in Copenhagen, the 2nd International Conference of Socialist Women adopted the idea of an "International Women's Day" from a proposal by Clara Zetkin (German Social Democratic Party), although no date was set.
The "Journal du CNRS" notes that "Women's Day was therefore the initiative of the socialist movement and not of the feminist movement, which was very active at the time". The historian Françoise Picq adds that "it was precisely to counteract the influence of feminist groups on the women of the people that Clara Zetkin proposed this day", rejecting "the alliance with the 'feminists of the bourgeoisie'": https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/journee-des-femmes-la-veritable-histoire-du-8-mars@histodons
“The term 'Caucasian' as a designation for white people originates in concepts of beauty related to the white slave trade from eastern Europe, and whiteness remains embedded in visions of beauty found in art history and popular culture.”
― Nell Irvin Painter, in "The History of White People"; W. W. Norton (2010); ISBN 978-0-393-07949-4; a 'New York Times' bestseller
“It is difficult to picture the rich, hard-nosed advisors of James I being overly concerned about the rights of vagabonds and felons. But this was a period that was especially suspicious of arbitrary acts by the Crown against individuals. There was no law enabling the crown to exile anyone, including the baser convict, into forced labour. According to legal scholars, the Magna Carta itself protected even them. The Privy Councillors therefore dressed up what was to befall the convicts and presented the decree authorising their transportation as an act of royal mercy. The convicts were to be reprieved from death in exchange for accepting transportation. (71)”
― Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, "White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America" (2007)
“It is difficult to picture the rich, hard-nosed advisors of James I being overly concerned about the rights of vagabonds and felons. But this was a period that was especially suspicious of arbitrary acts by the Crown against individuals. There was no law enabling the crown to exile anyone, including the baser convict, into forced labour. According to legal scholars, the Magna Carta itself protected even them. The Privy Councillors therefore dressed up what was to befall the convicts and presented the decree authorising their transportation as an act of royal mercy. The convicts were to be reprieved from death in exchange for accepting transportation.” (p. 71)
― Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, "White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America" (2007)
⸺ @history@histodons
(to be continued) 🧶
Read #QuinnNorton about #whiteness:
"The great thing about the divide-and-conquer of creating white-skin #privilege is that you don’t have to give people thusly bought off anything more, and American power structures didn’t. In places with black #slavery, the whites suffered terribly.
"There is a simple truth to American history for the majority of people who have ever been American: the worse the black experience, the worse everyone else’s experience, including whites. Driving down (or eliminating) black #wages, while always agreeable to whites, drove white pay lower than their European counterparts for most of our history."
As the numbers of enslaved Africans and their descendants in the Americas increased with the continued growth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and Atlantic #plantation economies, non-slaveholding whites could serve on patrols to help protect against slave rebellions.