Around 2018, I read a popular (and excellent) book about cognition and many other things. It highlighted the insidious effects of GPS on the navigational capacity of the human brain.
It posited that human ability to navigate is so critical to our cognition that our gradual loss of that ability thanks to "helpful" technology could have untold effects.
In addition to executive function, bilingual individuals and children show advantages in metalinguistic awareness. This is the ability to think about language as abstract units and associations.
Douglas Hofstadter's book is concerned directly with the nature of "maps" or links between formal systems. However, according to Hofstadter, the formal system that underlies all mental activity transcends the system that supports it.