Yeah ultimately every container has it's own veth interface, so you can do shaping using tc on those.
Edit:
I had a look at docker-tc. It does what you want, BUT. Unless your use case is complex, I would really think twice about running a tool written in bash which has access to the docker socket (I.e. trivial node escape) and runs with NET_ADMIN capability.
That's a lot of power to do something you can also do with a few lines of code executed after you start the container. Again, provided that your use case is not complex.